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== '''Technology acceptance model''' ==
=='''Technology acceptance model'''==
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== Acronym ==
==Acronym==
TAM
TAM
== Alternate name(s)==
==Alternate name(s)==
N/A
N/A
== Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s)==
==Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s)==
Behavioral intention to use, System usage
Behavioral intention to use, System usage
== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==
==Main independent construct(s)/factor(s)==
Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use
Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use
== Concise description of theory ==
==Concise description of theory==
TAM is an adaptation of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to the field of IS. TAM posits that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use determine an individual's intention to use a system with intention to use serving as a mediator of actual system use. Perceived usefulness is also seen as being directly impacted by perceived ease of use. Researchers have simplified TAM by removing the attitude construct found in TRA from the current specification (Venkatesh et. al., 2003). Attempts to extend TAM have generally taken one of three approaches: by introducing factors from related models, by introducing additional or alternative belief factors, and by examining antecedents and moderators of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (Wixom and Todd, 2005).
TAM is an adaptation of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to the field of IS. TAM posits that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use determine an individual's intention to use a system with intention to use serving as a mediator of actual system use. Perceived usefulness is also seen as being directly impacted by perceived ease of use. Researchers have simplified TAM by removing the attitude construct found in TRA from the current specification (Venkatesh et. al., 2003). Attempts to extend TAM have generally taken one of three approaches: by introducing factors from related models, by introducing additional or alternative belief factors, and by examining antecedents and moderators of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (Wixom and Todd, 2005). In a recent paper, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313426540_Controlling_for_Lexical_Closeness_in_Survey_Research_A_Demonstration_on_the_Technology_Acceptance_Model Gefen and Larsen (2017)] demonstrated that TAM's construct relationships primarily emerge from semantic relationships between its questionnaire items. A Theory explaining their findings is described at [[Semantic theory of survey response]].
TRA and TAM, both of which have strong behavioural elements, assume that when someone forms an intention to act, that they will be free to act without limitation. In practice constraints such as limited ability, time, environmental or organisational limits, and unconscious habits will limit the freedom to act.
TRA and TAM, both of which have strong behavioural elements, assume that when someone forms an intention to act, that they will be free to act without limitation. In practice constraints such as limited ability, time, environmental or organisational limits, and unconscious habits will limit the freedom to act.
== Diagram/schematic of theory ==
==Diagram/schematic of theory==
[[Image:Tam.JPG]]
[[Image:Tam.JPG]]
== Originating author(s) ==
==Originating author(s)==
Davis (1986); Davis (1989)
Davis (1986); Davis (1989)
== Seminal articles ==
==Seminal articles==
Davis, F. D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. (Doctoral dissertation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Davis, F. D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. (Doctoral dissertation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
== Originating area ==
==Literature reviews==
Appendix A in [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328343816_Understanding_the_Elephant_The_Discourse_Approach_to_Boundary_Identification_and_Corpus_Construction_for_Theory_Review_Articles Larsen et al. (2018)] contains an updated evaluation of TAM literature reviews, including a [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341794457_An_Overview_of_Technology_Acceptance_Study_TAM_Reviews spreadsheet of papers] used in the various reviews.
==Originating area==
Information Systems, Technology Adoption
Information Systems, Technology Adoption
== Level of analysis ==
==Level of analysis==
Individual
Individual
== IS articles that use the theory ==
==IS articles that use the theory==
Adams, D. A., Nelson, R. R., & Todd, P. A. (1992). Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information: A replication. MIS Quarterly, 16(2), 227-247.
Adams, D. A., Nelson, R. R., & Todd, P. A. (1992). Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information: A replication. MIS Quarterly, 16(2), 227-247.
Chan, S., & Lu, M. (2004). Understanding internet banking adoption and use behavior: A hong kong perspective. Journal of Global Information Management, 12(3), 21-43.
Chan, S., & Lu, M. (2004). Understanding internet banking adoption and use behavior: A hong kong perspective. Journal of Global Information Management, 12(3), 21-43.
Chau, P. K. Y. (1996). An empirical assessment of a modified technology acceptance model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13(2), 185-204.
Chau, P. K. Y. (1996). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/8150 An empirical assessment of a modified technology acceptance model]. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13(2), 185-204.
Chau, P. Y. K., & Hu, P. J. (2002). Investigating healthcare professionals' decisions to accept telemedicine technology: An empirical test of competing theories. Information & Management, 39(4), 297-311.
Chau, P. Y. K., & Hu, P. J. (2002). Investigating healthcare professionals' decisions to accept telemedicine technology: An empirical test of competing theories. Information & Management, 39(4), 297-311.
Davis, F. D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. (Doctoral dissertation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Davis, F. D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. (Doctoral dissertation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/199 User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models]. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Devaraj, S., Fan, M., & Kohli, R. (2002). Antecedents of b2C channel satisfaction and preference: Validation e-commerce metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 316-333.
Devaraj, S., Fan, M., & Kohli, R. (2002). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/6798 Antecedents of b2C channel satisfaction and preference: Validation e-commerce metrics]. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 316-333.
Dishaw, M. T., & Strong, D. M. (1999). Extending the technology acceptance model with task-technology fit constructs. Information & Management, 36(1), 9-21.
Dishaw, M. T., & Strong, D. M. (1999). Extending the technology acceptance model with task-technology fit constructs. Information & Management, 36(1), 9-21.
Gefen, D. (2003). TAM or just plain habit: A look at experienced online shoppers. Journal of End User Computing, 15(3), 1-13.
Gefen, D. (2003). TAM or just plain habit: A look at experienced online shoppers. Journal of End User Computing, 15(3), 1-13.
Gefen, D., Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. W. (2003). Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 27(1), 51-90.
Gefen, D., Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. W. (2003). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/126 Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model]. MIS Quarterly, 27(1), 51-90.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2000). The relative importance of perceived ease of use in IS adoption: A study of E-commerce adoption. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 1(8), 1-28.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2000). The relative importance of perceived ease of use in IS adoption: A study of E-commerce adoption. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 1(8), 1-28.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (1997). Gender differences in the perception and use of E-mail: An extension to the technology acceptance model. MIS Quarterly, 21(4), 389-400.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (1997). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/146 Gender differences in the perception and use of E-mail: An extension to the technology acceptance model]. MIS Quarterly, 21(4), 389-400.
Gentry, L., & Calantone, R. (2002). A comparison of three models to explain shop-bot use on the web. Psychology & Marketing, 19(11), 945-955.
Gentry, L., & Calantone, R. (2002). A comparison of three models to explain shop-bot use on the web. Psychology & Marketing, 19(11), 945-955.
Hsu, C. L. and Lu, H. P. (2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience, Information & Management, 41(7), 853-868.
Hsu, C. L. and Lu, H. P. (2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience, Information & Management, 41(7), 853-868.
Igbaria, M., Guimaraes, T., & Davis, G. B. (1995). Testing the determinants of microcomputer usage via a structural equation model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11(4), 87-114.
Igbaria, M., Guimaraes, T., & Davis, G. B. (1995). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/8650 Testing the determinants of microcomputer usage via a structural equation model]. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11(4), 87-114.
Igbaria, M., Zinatelli, N., Cragg, P., & Cavaye, A. L. M. (1997). Personal computing acceptance factors in small firms: A structural equation model. MIS Quarterly, 21(3), 279-305.
Igbaria, M., Zinatelli, N., Cragg, P., & Cavaye, A. L. M. (1997). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/144 Personal computing acceptance factors in small firms: A structural equation model]. MIS Quarterly, 21(3), 279-305.
Jackson, C. M., Chow, S., & Leitch, R. A. (1997). Toward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use an information system. Decision Sciences, 28(2), 357-389.
Jackson, C. M., Chow, S., & Leitch, R. A. (1997). Toward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use an information system. Decision Sciences, 28(2), 357-389.
Klopping, I. M., & McKinney, E. (2004). Extending the technology acceptance model and the task-technology fit model to consumer E-commerce. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 22(1), 35-48.
Klopping, I. M., & McKinney, E. (2004). Extending the technology acceptance model and the task-technology fit model to consumer E-commerce. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 22(1), 35-48.
Koufaris, M. (2002). Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to online consumer behavior. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 205-223.
Koufaris, M. (2002). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/6795 Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to online consumer behavior]. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 205-223.
Lederer, A. L., Maupin, D. J., Sena, M. P., & Zhuang, Y. (2000). The technology acceptance model and the world wide web. Decision Support Systems, 29(3), 269-282.
Lederer, A. L., Maupin, D. J., Sena, M. P., & Zhuang, Y. (2000). The technology acceptance model and the world wide web. Decision Support Systems, 29(3), 269-282.
Lee, Y., Kozar, K.A., Larsen, K. R., (2003).[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251880003_The_Technology_Acceptance_Model_Past_Present_and_Future The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future], Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 12.
Lowry, Paul Benjamin; James Gaskin, Nathan W. Twyman, Bryan Hammer, and Tom L. Roberts (2013). “[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2177442 Taking ‘fun and games’ seriously: Proposing the hedonic-motivation system adoption model (HMSAM)],” Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), vol. 14(11), 617–671.
Lim, J. (2003). A conceptual framework on the adoption of negotiation support systems. Information and Software Technology, 45(8), 469-477.
Lim, J. (2003). A conceptual framework on the adoption of negotiation support systems. Information and Software Technology, 45(8), 469-477.
Ma, Q., & Liu, L. (2004). The technology acceptance model: A meta-analysis of empirical findings. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 16(1), 59-72.
Ma, Q., & Liu, L. (2004). The technology acceptance model: A meta-analysis of empirical findings. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 16(1), 59-72.
Mathieson, K. (1991). Predicting user intentions: Comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior. Information Systems Research, 2(3), 173-191.
Mathieson, K. (1991). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/6663 Predicting user intentions: Comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior]. Information Systems Research, 2(3), 173-191.
McCloskey, D. (2003). Evaluating electronic commerce acceptance with the technology acceptance model. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(2), 49-57.
McCloskey, D. (2003). Evaluating electronic commerce acceptance with the technology acceptance model. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(2), 49-57.
Pikkarainen, T., Pikkarainen, K., Karjaluoto, H., & Pahnila, S. (2004). Consumer acceptance of online banking: An extension of the technology acceptance model. Internet Research, 14(3), 224-235.
Pikkarainen, T., Pikkarainen, K., Karjaluoto, H., & Pahnila, S. (2004). Consumer acceptance of online banking: An extension of the technology acceptance model. Internet Research, 14(3), 224-235.
Plouffe, C. R., Hulland, J. S., & Vandenbosch, M. (2001). Research report: Richness versus parsimony in modeling technology adoption decisions - understanding merchant adoption of a smart card-based payment system. Information Systems Research, 12(2), 208-222.
Plouffe, C. R., Hulland, J. S., & Vandenbosch, M. (2001). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/6788 Research report: Richness versus parsimony in modeling technology adoption decisions - understanding merchant adoption of a smart card-based payment system]. Information Systems Research, 12(2), 208-222.
Riemenschneider, C. K., & Hardgrave, B. C. (2001). Explaining software development tool use with the technology acceptance model. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 41(4), 1-8.
Riemenschneider, C. K., & Hardgrave, B. C. (2001). Explaining software development tool use with the technology acceptance model. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 41(4), 1-8.
Szajna, B. (1996). Empirical evaluation of the revised technology acceptance model. Management Science, 42(1), 85-92.
Szajna, B. (1996). Empirical evaluation of the revised technology acceptance model. Management Science, 42(1), 85-92.
Szajna, B. (1994). Software evaluation and choice: Predictive validation of the technology acceptance instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18(3), 319-324.
Szajna, B. (1994). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/161 Software evaluation and choice: Predictive validation of the technology acceptance instrument]. MIS Quarterly, 18(3), 319-324.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. A. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/213 Assessing IT usage: The role of prior experience]. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 561-570.
Venkatesh, V. (2000). Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model. Information Systems Research, 11(4), 342-365.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. A. (1995). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/6885 Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models]. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176.
Venkatesh, V. (2000). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/6588 Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model]. Information Systems Research, 11(4), 342-365.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (1996). A model of the antecedents of perceived ease of use: Development and test. Decision Sciences, 27(3), 451-481.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (1996). A model of the antecedents of perceived ease of use: Development and test. Decision Sciences, 27(3), 451-481.
Venkatesh, V., & Morris, M. G. (2000). Why don't men ever stop to ask for dirrections? gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 115-139.
Venkatesh, V., & Morris, M. G. (2000). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/79 Why don't men ever stop to ask for dirrections? gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior]. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 115-139.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/75 User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view]. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
Venkatesh, V., Speier, C., & Morris, M. G. (2002). User acceptance enablers in individual decision making about technology: Toward an integrated model. Decision Sciences, 33(2), 297-316.
Venkatesh, V., Speier, C., & Morris, M. G. (2002). User acceptance enablers in individual decision making about technology: Toward an integrated model. Decision Sciences, 33(2), 297-316.
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Lin, H., & Tang, T. (2003). Determinants of user acceptance of internet banking: An empirical study. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(5), 501-519.
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Lin, H., & Tang, T. (2003). Determinants of user acceptance of internet banking: An empirical study. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(5), 501-519.
Wixom, B. H., & Todd, P. A. (2005). A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance. Information Systems Research, 16(1), 85-102.
Wixom, B. H., & Todd, P. A. (2005). [http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/6818 A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance]. Information Systems Research, 16(1), 85-102.
Yu, J. L. C., Liu, C., & Yao, J. E. (2003). Technology acceptance model for wireless internet. Internet Research, 13(3), 206-222.
==Links from this theory to other theories==
== Links from this theory to other theories ==
[[Hedonic-motivation system adoption model (HMSAM)]], [[Multi-motive information systems continuance model (MISC)]], [[Theory of planned behavior]], [[Theory of reasoned action]], [[Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology]], [[Delone and McLean IS success model]]
[[Theory of planned behavior]], [[Theory of reasoned action]], [[Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology]], [[Delone and McLean IS success model]]
== External links ==
==External links==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model, Wikipedia entry for TAM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model, Wikipedia entry for TAM
http://www.guuspijpers.com/Research.htm#Technology%20Acceptance%20Model%20(TAM), Guus Pijpers presents an extensive list of TAM references up to December 2003
http://www.guuspijpers.com/Research.htm#Technology%20Acceptance%20Model%20(TAM), Guus Pijpers presents an extensive list of TAM references up to December 2003
== Original Contributor(s) ==
==Original Contributor(s)==
Brent Furneaux
Brent Furneaux
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