Changes

== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==

== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==

Technological Context

Technological Context

Organizational Context

Organizational Context

Environmental Context

Environmental Context

== Concise description of theory ==

== Concise description of theory ==

The process by which a firm adopts and implements technological innovations is influenced by the technological context, the organizational context, and the environmental context (Tornatzky and Fleisher 1990).   

The process by which a firm adopts and implements technological innovations is influenced by the technological context, the organizational context, and the environmental context (DePietro, Wiarda, & Fleischer, 1990).   

The technological context includes the internal and external technologies that are relevant to the firm.  Technologies may include both equipment as well as processes.  The organizational context refers to the characteristics and resources of the firm, including the firm’s size, degree of centralization, degree of formalization, managerial structure, human resources, amount of slack resources, and linkages among employees.  The environmental context includes the size and structure of the industry, the firm’s competitors, the macroeconomic context, and the regulatory environment (Tornatzky and Fleisher 1990).

The technological context includes the internal and external technologies that are relevant to the firm.  Technologies may include both equipment as well as processes.  The organizational context refers to the characteristics and resources of the firm, including the firm’s size, degree of centralization, degree of formalization, managerial structure, human resources, amount of slack resources, and linkages among employees.  The environmental context includes the size and structure of the industry, the firm’s competitors, the macroeconomic context, and the regulatory environment (DePietro, Wiarda, & Fleischer, 1990).

These three elements present “both constraints and opportunities for technological innovation” (Tornatzky and Fleisher 1990, p. 154).  Thus, these three elements influence the way a firm sees the need for, searches for, and adopts new technology.

These three elements present “both constraints and opportunities for technological innovation” (DePietro, Wiarda, & Fleischer, 1990, p. 154).  Thus, these three elements influence the way a firm sees the need for, searches for, and adopts new technology.

== Diagram/schematic of theory ==

== Diagram/schematic of theory ==

== Originating author(s) ==

== Originating author(s) ==

Tornatzky and Fleisher 1990

Rocco <span lang="EN-US">DePietro, Edith Wiarda & Mitchell Fleischer (1990). '''N.B.!''' This framework is often incorrectly cited as Tornatzky & Fleischer (1990) but please note that Tornatzky & Fleischer were ''the editors'' and the actual chapter where TOE appears was written by DePierto and colleagues. Give credit to those who deserve it. </span>

== Seminal articles ==

== Seminal articles ==

Tornatzky, L.G., and Fleischer, M. ''The Processes of Technological Innovation''. Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1990.

Edith & Fleischer, Mitchell (1990). “The context for change: Organization, technology and environment”, in Tornatzky, L. G. and Fleischer, M. (Eds.) </span>''The processes of technological innovation'', Lexington Books: Lexington, MA., pp. 151-175.

Rogers, E.M. ''Diffusion of Innovations'', (4th ed.) The Free Press, New York, 1995.

Rogers, E.M. ''Diffusion of Innovations'', (4th ed.) The Free Press, New York, 1995.

== IS articles that use the theory ==

== IS articles that use the theory ==

Chau, P.Y.K., and Tam, K.Y. "[http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/12070 Factors Affecting the Adoption of Open Systems: An Exploratory Study]," ''MIS Quarterly'' (21:1), March 1997, pp. 1-24.

Chau, P.Y.K., and Tam, K.Y. "[http://inn.colorado.edu/Details/Paper/12070 Factors Affecting the Adoption of Open Systems: An Exploratory Study]," ''MIS Quarterly'' (21:1), March 1997, pp. 1-24.