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Line 54: − Explain in brief on how this theory is relevant to IS context and make use of bulleted points if needed.+ − + − + − + + + − Write a summarized line+ − − − + − + + − [[File:RamAndSeth1989.jpg|thumb|Types of Innovation Resistance (Source: Ram and Sheth 1989)]] Line 75:
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Line 101: − 1 liner with links to other theory. Example: This theory is different from ‘[[Diffusion of innovations theory|Diffusion of Innovations Theory]]’, which is also a popular innovation-based theory used in context of IS – Information Systems+ + + + + + + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + − + − + − # NADINE HIETSCHOLD, RONNY REINHARDT, SEBASTIAN GURTNER (2020), Who put the “NO” in Innovation? Innovation resistance leaders’ behaviour and self-identities, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 158, 120177, ISSN 0040-1625, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120177</nowiki> -- ''this doesn’t directly use the IRT theory but makes a good contextual reading on innovation resistance''+ − + − + − − Name - affiliated institute or organization+ − dd-MMM-yyyy+
completed content changes for Cynefin
===‘Information Systems’ context===
===‘Information Systems’ context===
The Cynefin Framework is a decision-making model that helps individuals and organizations make sense of complex and uncertain situations. In the context of information systems, the framework can be used to understand the nature of the problems faced by organizations in managing information and technology.
*First point
* Clear/Simple: This domain is characterized by clear cause-and-effect relationships, and the solution is obvious and straightforward. In the context of information systems, examples might include routine IT maintenance or troubleshooting basic hardware or software issues.
*Second point
* Complicated: This domain is characterized by a high level of expertise required to understand the problem and identify potential solutions. In the context of information systems, examples might include diagnosing and fixing more complex technical issues or designing and implementing a new software system.
*Nth point
* Complex: This domain is characterized by a lack of clear cause-and-effect relationships and unpredictable outcomes. In the context of information systems, examples might include addressing cybersecurity threats, managing large-scale data migrations, or adapting to rapidly changing technology trends.
* Chaotic: This domain is characterized by complete disorder and unpredictability. In the context of information systems, examples might include responding to a major system outage or cybersecurity breach.
* Disorder: This domain represents a state of uncertainty where it is unclear which of the other domains the problem belongs to. In the context of information systems, examples might include situations where the organization is facing a new and unfamiliar problem or where there is disagreement among stakeholders about the nature of the problem.
By understanding which domain, a problem falls into, IS organizations can tailor their approach to decision-making and problem-solving. For example, in the Simple domain, an organization might use standard operating procedures or checklists to address the issue, whereas in the Complex domain, it might use experimentation and iterative problem-solving to explore potential solutions. The Cynefin Framework can therefore help organizations to navigate the challenges of managing information systems in an increasingly complex and unpredictable environment.
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==Diagram/schematic of theory==
==Diagram/schematic of theory==
(enlist your one or two figure as applicable)
* Figure 1: Cynefin Framework (Source: Wikipedia)
* Figure 1: Types of Invocation Resistance (Source: Ram, S. and Sheth, J.N. 1989)
* Image credits: By Tom@thomasbcox.com - Own work - a re-drawing of the prior artwork found here (<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynefin_as_of_1st_June_2014.png</nowiki>) that incorporates more recent changes, such as renaming <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Simple<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot; to <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Clear<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;., CC BY-SA 4.0, <nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=123271932</nowiki>
[[File:Cynefin framework 2022.jpg|alt=|thumb|Cynefin Framework<ref>By Tom@thomasbcox.com - Own work - a re-drawing of the prior artwork found here (<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynefin_as_of_1st_June_2014.png</nowiki>) that incorporates more recent changes, such as renaming <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Simple<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot; to <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Clear<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;., CC BY-SA 4.0, <nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=123271932</nowiki></ref>]]
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==Originating author(s)==
==Originating author(s)==
It was developed and published in the Harvard Business Review in 2007 by:
It was developed and published in the Harvard Business Review in 2007 by:
==Seminal article(s) ==
==Seminal article(s) ==
#Sheth, J. N; & Stellner, W. H. (1979). Psychology of Innovation Resistance: The less developed concept (LDC) in diffusion research (No. 622). Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Permalink: <nowiki>https://hdl.handle.net/2142/26627</nowiki>
# Snowden, D. (2005), "Strategy in the context of uncertainty", Handbook of Business Strategy, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 47-54. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1108/08944310510556955</nowiki>
#S. Ram (1987), A Model of Innovation Resistance, in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14, eds. Melanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 208-212. <nowiki>https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/6688/volumes/v14/NA-14</nowiki>
# Snowden, D. J., & Boone, M. E. (2007). A leader’s framework for decision making. Harvard business review, 85(11), 68. Link to original HBR article: <nowiki>https://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making</nowiki>
#Ram, S. and Sheth, J.N. (1989), Consumer Resistance to Innovations: The Marketing Problem and its solutions, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 5-14. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002542</nowiki>
# Erik Puik, Darek Ceglarek, (2015), The Quality of a Design will not Exceed the Knowledge of its Designer; an Analysis Based on Axiomatic Information and the Cynefin Framework, Procedia CIRP, Volume 34, Pages 19-24, ISSN 2212-8271, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.07.040</nowiki>
== Originating area==
== Originating area==
Group or System
Group or System
==Links from this theory to other theories==
==Links from this theory to other theories==
As explained in the earlier section, this framework derives its amalgamated strengths from below frameworks:
* Systems Theory: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory</nowiki>
* Complexity Theory: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_theory_and_organizations</nowiki>
* Network Theory: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory</nowiki>
* Learning Theory: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)</nowiki>
==Key References Outside IS Research Area==
==Key References Outside IS Research Area==
#Heidenreich, S. and Kraemer, T. (2016), Innovations—Doomed to Fail? Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol 33: Pages 277-297. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12273</nowiki>
# Elford, W. (2012). A multi-ontology view of ergonomics: applying the Cynefin Framework to improve theory and practice. Work, 41, 812–817. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-0246-812</nowiki>
# Ju, N., Lee, KH. (2020), Consumer resistance to innovation: smart clothing (Fashion and Textiles), International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, Volume 7, 21. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-020-00210-z</nowiki>
# VAN BEURDEN, E. K., KIA, A. M., ZASK, A., DIETRICH, U., & ROSE, L. (2013). Making sense in a complex landscape: how the Cynefin Framework from Complex Adaptive Systems Theory can inform health promotion practice. Health Promotion International, 28(1), 73–83. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/45153410</nowiki>
#Mohd Sadiq, Mohd Adil, Justin Paul (2021), An innovation resistance theory perspective on purchase of eco-friendly cosmetics, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Volume 59, 102369, ISSN 0969-6989, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102369</nowiki>
# Childs, S. and McLeod, J. (2013), Tackling the wicked problem of ERM: using the Cynefin framework as a lens, Records Management Journal, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 191-227. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-07-2013-0016</nowiki>
#Dan Huang, Alexandra Coghlan, Xin Jin (2022), A process perspective on consumer innovation resistance to Airbnb: A narrative approach, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Volume 107, 103306, ISSN 0278-4319, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103306</nowiki>
# French, S. (2013). Cynefin, statistics and decision analysis. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 64(4), 547–561. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2012.2</nowiki>
# French, S. (2015). Cynefin: uncertainty, small worlds and scenarios. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 66(10), 1635–1645. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.21</nowiki>
# Walker, D. H. T., Davis, P. R., & Stevenson, A. (2017). Coping with uncertainty and ambiguity through team collaboration in infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 35(2), 180–190. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.11.001</nowiki>
# Nachbagauer A. (2021), Managing complexity in projects: Extending the Cynefin framework, Project Leadership and Society, 2, art. no. 100017, <nowiki>https://doi/10.1016/j.plas.2021.100017</nowiki>
# Lane, P. J., Clay-Williams, R., Johnson, A., Garde, V., & Barrett-Beck, L. (2021). Creating a healthcare variant CYNEFIN framework to improve leadership and urgent decision-making in times of crisis. Leadership in Health Services, 34(4), 454–461. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1108/LHS-03-2021-0013</nowiki>
# Shao, Peng, Runhua Tan, Qingjin Peng, Lulu Zhang, Kang Wang, and Yafan Dong (2022). Problem-Solving in Product Innovation Based on the Cynefin Framework-Aided TRIZ, Applied Sciences 12, no. 9: 4157. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094157</nowiki>
# Caldera, S., Desha, C., & Dawes, L. (2022). Applying Cynefin framework to explore the experiences of engineering educators undertaking ‘emergency remote teaching’ during the COVID-19 pandemic. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 27(1), 3–15. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/22054952.2021.2020958</nowiki>
==IS articles that use the theory==
==IS articles that use the theory==
# Chung, K. C., & Liang, S. W. J. (2020). Understanding factors affecting innovation resistance of mobile payments in Taiwan: An integrative perspective. Mathematics, 8(10), 1841. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101841</nowiki>
# McLeod J., Childs S. (2013), The Cynefin framework: A tool for analysing qualitative data in information science?, Library and Information Science Research, 35 (4), pp. 299 - 309, <nowiki>https://doi/10.1016/j.lisr.2013.05.004</nowiki>
#Kaur, P; Dhir, A; Ray, A; Bala, P.K; and Khalil, A. (2021), Innovation resistance theory perspective on the use of food delivery applications, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 34 No. 6, pp. 1746-1768. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-03-2020-0091</nowiki>
# Derindere, M. S. & Göçer, Ö. (2016). Cynefin Framework for Decision Makers for Information Systems Security in the face of Information Asymmetry. Istanbul Journal of Innovation in Education, Special Issue No 1 "Future Learning 2014”, 1-13. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ieyd/issue/7914/402933</nowiki>
#Zhenya Tang, Leida Chen (2022); Understanding seller resistance to digital device recycling platform: An innovation resistance perspective, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Volume 51, 101114, ISSN 1567-4223, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101114</nowiki>
# Fengwei, Y. (2016). Managing Trust in Financial Services Information Systems (Doctoral dissertation, National University of Singapore, Singapore). Link: <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/openview/bee451180886b63a7746d8a3021dc031/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366</nowiki>
#Shishan, F., Hmoud, H., Zaidan, H., Qasem, Z. (2022). The Innovation Resistance Theory: The Case of Cryptocurrencies. In: Musleh Al-Sartawi, A.M.A. (eds) Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Finance and Sustainable Technology. ICGER 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 423. Springer, Cham. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93464-4_45</nowiki>
# Moore, J. (2017). Data visualization in support of executive decision making. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 12, 125. Retrieved from: <nowiki>http://www.informingscience.org/Publications/3687</nowiki>
#Park, E. H., Werder, K., Cao, L., & Ramesh, B. (2022). Why do Family Members Reject AI in Health Care? Competing Effects of Emotions. Journal of Management Information Systems, 39(3), 765–792. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2022.2096550</nowiki>
# Peter, G., Festo, A. G., & KG, C. (2018). The role of context in employing and evaluating enterprise social media. In European conference on knowledge management (pp. 1158-1165). Academic Conferences International Limited. <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gerhard-Peter/publication/332410251_The_role_of_context_in_employing_and_evaluating_enterprise_social_media/links/5cb3881a4585156cd7992012/The-role-of-context-in-employing-and-evaluating-enterprise-social-media.pdf</nowiki>.
# Ilieva R., Anguelov K., Nikolov M. (2018), A Cynefin Framework for Agile Decision Making of AI BOTS, International Conference on High Technology for Sustainable Development, HiTech 2018 - Proceedings, art. no. 8566411, <nowiki>https://doi/10.1109/HiTech.2018.8566411</nowiki>
# Radhakrishnan, B., Jaurez, J., & Altamirano, N. (2022). Application of Artificial Intelligence and the Cynefin Framework to establish a Statistical System Prediction and Control (SSPC) in Engineering Education. Presented in 2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. Corresponding Google Scholar link: <nowiki>https://peer.asee.org/application-of-artificial-intelligence-and-the-cynefin-framework-to-establish-a-statistical-system-prediction-and-control-sspc-in-engineering-education.pdf</nowiki>
# Selgert, F. (2020). Cynefin Framework, DevOps and Secure IoT: Understanding the Nature of IoT Systems and Exploring Where in the DevOps Cycle Easy Gains Can Be Made to Increase Their Security (Vol. 12235). Springer International Publishing. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55583-2_19</nowiki>
# S. De (2021), A Study on Chaos Engineering for improving Cloud Software Quality and Reliability, International Conference on Disruptive Technologies for Multi-Disciplinary Research and Applications (CENTCON), Bengaluru, India, 2021, pp. 289-294, <nowiki>https://doi/10.1109/CENTCON52345.2021.9688292</nowiki>
# Hanafizadeh, P., & Bahadornia, S. M. M. (2022). On the Nature of Problematical Situations: Developing Cynefin from an Information Processing Perspective. Philosophy of Management, 1–25. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-022-00206-3</nowiki>
# Braverman, Andrew (2022), "Redesigning the Information Technology Infrastructure Sales Engineering Process" (2022). Theses & Dissertations. 31. <nowiki>https://jdc.jefferson.edu/diss_masters/31</nowiki>
# Nobari, N., Mobini Dehkordi, A., Akbari, M. and Padash, H. (2022), Innovation intelligence and its role in environmental uncertainty management: a conceptual framework, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, Vol. 52 No. 4, pp. 594-611. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-06-2020-0109</nowiki>
==External links==
==External links==
#<nowiki>https://solvinnov.com/resistance-of-innovation/</nowiki> - a website maintained by Dr. Adam Tacy, dealing with various topics of innovation and has a dedicated section on IRT
# Mulder, P. (2018). What is the Cynefin Framework? Including example. Retrieved [14-MAR-2023] from Toolshero: <nowiki>https://www.toolshero.com/decision-making/cynefin-framework-dave-snowden/</nowiki>
#An exploratory study of mobile banking services resistance, July 2012, International Journal of Mobile Communications 10(4):366-385, <nowiki>https://doi/10.1504/IJMC.2012.048136</nowiki> -- ''this doesn’t directly use the IRT theory but makes a good contextual reading on innovation resistance''
# <nowiki>https://accedia.com/blog/when-to-apply-agile-in-software-development-explained-through-cynefin/</nowiki> -- website ‘Accedia’ which explains about when to apply agile using Cynefin framework
# <nowiki>https://www.mindtools.com/atddimk/the-cynefin-framework</nowiki> -- website on Cynefin Framework – that has content on using the most appropriate ‘Problem Solving Process’
#<nowiki>https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/W18034-PDF-ENG</nowiki> – Apple Watch: Managing Innovation Resistance, a teaching business case study by Tania Bucic, Gaganpreet Singh
# <nowiki>https://ev0lve.medium.com/problems-with-cynefin-b153fd56df57</nowiki> -- a blog critique of Cynefin
#<nowiki>https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:865523/FULLTEXT01.pdf</nowiki> -- Attitudes of French consumers towards breakthrough innovation – A qualitative study about Google Glass, a 2015 Masters-degree-thesis by student authors Allison Le Garrec and Jérémy Torregrosa, under their Supervisor Peter Hultén, of college Umeå School of Business and Economics
# <nowiki>https://davidtjones.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/how-to-improve-lt-and-e-learning-at-universities/</nowiki> - a blog by David Jones on use of Cynefin framework in education & learning.
#<nowiki>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Information_Systems_Innovation_and_Diffu/B2K9W5sqvKEC?hl=en&gbpv=0&kptab=overview</nowiki> – Google Books – Larsen, T. J. (1998). Innovation: A Framework for Research and Practice. Information systems innovation and diffusion: Issues and directions, 411.
==Contributor(s)==
==Contributor(s)==
Mukesh Chaware - scholar at Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode, India
==Date last updated==
==Date last updated==
15-MAR-2023
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